Receptive language is the input of language; the ability to understand and comprehend spoken language that you hear or read. For example, a childʻs ability to listen and follow directions such as “put on a coat.”

Expressive language is the output of language: the ability to express your wants and needs through verbal or non-verbal communication. For example, a childʻs ability to shake their head “no” when asked a question.

Articulation is the production of sounds used in speech, such as consonants and vowels.

A Phonological disorder is an error in the use of a speech pattern, such as not pronouncing the last sound in a word.

Motor Speech Disorders are a neurological disruption or difficulty in motor planning of sound production (Apraxia) or a decrease in muscle tone in the mouth (Dysarthria)

A Cleft Palate is a birth disorder wherein the tissue at the roof of the mouth doesn’t form correctly, resulting in a variety of speech difficulties such as impaired nasal resonance and articulation errors.

Social Pragmatic disorders relate to social interaction as part of day-to-day life, such as misreading facial expressions, misreading emotions and, not knowing how/when to speak.

This is an overarching term, which can include Social Pragmatic disorders, Non-Verbal disorders, Attention disorders, and delayed speech and language development to name but a few.

Auditory Processing disorders are a disconnect between the auditory (hearing) system and the way that an individual’s brain understands what they are hearing.

Swallowing disorders are behavioral or physiological challenges in swallowing normally.

Adult Aphasia is a neurological condition causing Receptive/Expressive language disorders, often as a result of a stroke.

Inability to consistently produce normal vocal sounds due to overuse, physical trauma or neurological disorders.

Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by repetitions, prolongations and blocking of sounds.

Accent Modification is teaching American English sounds to people who have learned English as a secondary language.

Gender Affirming Therapy is speech modification to more accurately reflect one’s gender.